The Four Part Processing Model for Word Recognition
The Four-Part Processing Model for word recognition is a simplified model that illustrates how the brain reads or recognizes words. It illustrates that there are four processes that are active in the reading brain including: phonological, orthographic, meaning, and context processors [Moats & Tolman, 2019]. The model also provides evidence that instruction should occur for students to address all processors, so that as each processor is strengthened, all processors will work together. Scroll down to see the role of each processor as they work together for word recognition.
Listen as Dr. Carol Tolman explains the Four Part Processing Model for Word Recognition. [Video Length: 3:05]
- Detects, recalls and understands [phonemes] that make up spoken words.
- Controls the production of sounds and words in spoken language.
- Recognizes, stores and recalls the letters and combination of letters that we use to recognize written language.
- Stores print information for retrieval to efficiently recognize and recall words for reading and spelling.
- Interprets word meanings
- Organizes words into meaning networks by:
- spelling patterns
- categories and concepts
- word relationships
- word meanings and associated meanings
- meaningful parts of words [morphemes] and roots.
- Provides support to the meaning processor by interpreting words based on:
- language of a sentence
- experience or circumstances
- knowledge of a concept
For example:
The bolt of lightning hit the clocktower during the storm last night.
The word “bolt” has several meanings, however, in this example it means a shaft of lightning or thunderbolt.
Reading is the act of processing text in order to derive meaning. To learn to read, children must develop both fluent word reading and language comprehension [Gough & Tunmer,1986]. Fluent word reading stems from underlying skills: phonological awareness, phonics and decoding, and automatic word recognition.
What Is Automatic Word Recognition?
Word recognition is automatic when the process takes very few of the attention resources available to the brain at any one time [Wolf, 2018]. When word recognition is automatic, reading can be fluent, accurate, and expressive.
How Automatic Word Recognition Contributes to Reading Development
All fluent readers can instantly and automatically recognize a large number of words, which researchers call the "sight vocabulary." "[W]hen a reader has learned a 'sight word,' she can retrieve the spelling, pronunciation, and meaning of that word as soon as her eyes alight upon it" [Pace Miles & Ehri, 2019]. For proficient readers, practically all words are read from memory by sight [Apel, 2011; Ehri, 1997, 2014]. These readers are proficient because pronunciations and meanings come to mind automatically and instantly when written words are seen [Henbest & Apel, 2018; McCardle, Scarborough, & Catts, 2001]. With limited sight vocabulary, reading is slow, laborious, and dysfluent. Readers who have to decode numerous individual words while reading are not able to read texts fluently and with expression.
How Automatic Word Recognition Develops
The mental process that we use to store words so they can be automatically recognized is called orthographic mapping. Orthographic mapping is what allows a proficient reader to instantly read any familiar word [instead of having to decode it]. By promoting long-term memory of words, teachers can help students rapidly improve their fluency in increasingly complex texts. Orthographic mapping happens when a reader connects the sounds in a word to its spelling and its meaning. When a reader encounters a new word, decodes it by associating its spelling with its sounds, and thinks of its meaning, this promotes orthographic mapping of the word. After several exposures to reading the word this way, the word will be stored in long-term memory for immediate, effortless retrieval.
Promoting Automatic Word Recognition in the Classroom
Reading practice is a key ingredient to develop fluent word recognition because orthographic mapping happens through reading practice. When a reader repeatedly encounters, decodes, reads, and understands a word, it is added to the reader's sight vocabulary [Henbest & Apel, 2018]. A word of caution: this process only initiates once children become somewhat skilled at decoding and are able to connect a word's spelling to its sounds and its meaning. Linnea Ehri has developed a well-known theory of the developmental phases of word reading .
A reader must be able to decode a word and connect the spelling to its sound and its meaning, to add it to long-term sight memory. Thus, orthographic mapping is not possible without some phonics and decoding skills. Decoding ability, in turn, is built upon phonemic awareness. This is why children need some phonemic awareness and phonics and decoding skills before they start to automatically recognize many words [Kilpatrick, 2016].
Learn More About Automatic Word Recognition
- Oral Reading Fluency: Understanding the Purpose, from the Reading League ** [Video]
- What Do We Need to Know about Reading Fluency, from Jan Hasbrouck for Read Naturally [Webcast]
- How Children Learn to Read: Ehri's Phases, from University of Florida Literacy Institute [Resource]
- Orthographic Mapping Article [Joan Sedita, Keys to Literacy]
- Orthographic Mapping is a Critical Skill for Learning New Words, from 95 Percent Group [webinar]
- Orthographic Mapping: What It Is and Why It's Important, from the Reading League ** [video]
Considerations for Students Learning English
English learners should have equal opportunity to meaningfully participate in all foundational skills instruction. These recommendations and resources will further support English learners to develop automatic word recognition. Also, please refer to WIDA Can Dos and WIDA Instructional Supports.
Taking Bilingualism into Account
- Fluency is not just speed but also expression. Reading that is rapid but lacks expression and comprehension is not fluent. "Even though fluency instruction is important, teachers must remember that many ELLs can be deceptively fast and accurate while reading in English without fully comprehending the meaning of the text they are reading. That is because reading comprehension depends upon a variety of complex skills that are not as important to word reading. These include deep vocabulary knowledge, syntactical knowledge, and background knowledge of the subject discussed in the text" [Colorín Colorado **].
Supports for English Learners
- Repeated oral reading activities with feedback and guidance provide English learners with practice to develop word recognition and confidence [Linan-Thompson & Vaughn, 2007].
- Allow students to practice reading along with a recorded text; build background knowledge to support comprehension and vocabulary; use questions after reading to process information [Colorín Colorado **].
References
Apel, K. [2011]. What is orthographic knowledge? Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools.
Ehri, L. C. [1997]. Learning to read and learning to spell are one and the same, almost. In Perfetti, C. A., Rieben, L., & Fayol, M. [eds.], Learning to spell: Research, theory, and practice across languages [p. 237–269]. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Ehri, L. C. [2014]. Orthographic mapping in the acquisition of sight word reading, spelling memory, and vocabulary learning. Scientific Studies of Reading, 18[1], 5–21.
Ehri, L. C., & Snowling, M. J. [2004]. Developmental Variation in Word Recognition. U: Stone, CA; Silliman, ER; Ehren, BJ; Apel, K.[eds.] Handbook of Language and Literacy.
Gaskins, I. W., Ehri, L. C., Cress, C., O'Hara, C., & Donnelly, K. [1996]. Procedures for word learning: Making discoveries about words. The Reading Teacher, 50[4], 312–327.
Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. [1986]. Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 6–10.
Henbest, V. S., & Apel, K. [2018]. Orthographic fast-mapping across time in 5-and 6-year-old children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61[8], 2015–2027.
Kilpatrick, D. [2016]. Equipped for reading success: A comprehensive, step by step program for developing phonemic awareness and fluent word recognition. Casey & Kirsch Publishers.
Linan-Thompson, S. and Vaughn. S. [2007]. Research-based Methods of Reading Instruction for English Learners, Grades K–4. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
McCardle, P., Scarborough, H. S., & Catts, H. W. [2001]. Predicting, explaining, and preventing children's reading difficulties. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16[4], 230–239.
Miles, K.P., & Ehri, L.C. [2019]. Orthographic Mapping Facilitates Sight Word Memory and Vocabulary Learning. In Kilpatrick, D., Joshi, R., & Wagner, R. [eds]. Reading Development and Difficulties. Springer, Cham.
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Last Updated: December 18, 2020