Chapter 5 the Expenditure Cycle Part I: Purchases and cash disbursements Procedures

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Chapter 5 The Expenditure Cycle Part I Summary

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Chapter 5 the Expenditure Cycle Part I Summary

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1.MONITOR INVENTORY RECORDS (Inventory Control)Firms deplete their inventories by transferring raw materials into the production process(the conversion cycle) and by selling finished goods to customers (revenue cycle.Inventory control monitors and records finished goods inventory levels. Wheninventories drop to a predetermined reorder point, apurchase requisitionis preparedand sent to the prepare purchase order function to initiate the purchase process.2.PREPARE PURCHASE ORDER (Purchasing Department)Receives the purchase requisitions, which are sorted by vendor if necessaryPurchase order (PO) is prepared for each vendor.A copy of the PO is sent to set up accounts payable function for filing temporarily in theAP pending file, and a blind copy is sent to the receive goods function, where it is helduntil the inventories arrive.The inventory control clerk file the last copy in the open/closed purchase order file.3.RECEIVE GOODS (Receiving Department)During this time, the copies of the PO reside in temporary files in various departments.At this point, the firm has received no inventories and incurred no financial obligation.There is no basis for making a formal entry into any accounting record. (Firms oftenmake memo entries of pending inventory receipts and associated obligations)Physical count and inspection of received goods.Receipt of Inventories

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 5 The Expenditure Cycle Part I: Purchases and Cash Disbursements Procedures 1."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 5 The Expenditure Cycle Part I: Purchases and Cash Disbursements Procedures 1

2 Objectives for Chapter 5
Tasks that constitute the purchases and cash disbursement process Departments involved in purchases and cash disbursement activities and the flow of these transactions through the organization Documents, journals, and accounts that provide audit trails, promote the maintenance of records, and support decision making and financial reporting Exposures associated with purchase and cash disbursements activities and the controls that reduce these risks Operational features and the control implications of technology used in purchases and cash disbursement systems 3

3 Goals of the Expenditure Cycle
The goal of providing needed resources to organization can be broken down into several objectives: Purchase from reliable vendors Purchase high-quality items Obtain best possible price Purchase only items that are properly authorized Have resources available when they are needed Receive only those items ordered Ensure items are not lost, stolen, or broken Pay for the items in a timely manner 2

4 A Manual Purchases System
The purchases cycle begins in the Inventory Control department when inventory levels drop to reorder levels. A clerk prepares a purchase requisition and sends copies to Purchasing and Accounts Payable. The Purchasing department prepares a purchase order for each vendor and sends copies to Inventory Control, Accounts Payable, Receiving (blind copy), and the vendor. 3

5 A Manual Purchases System
Upon receipt of the goods, the Receiving department counts and inspects the goods. One of the purposes of the blind copy of the purchase order is to force the workers to count the goods. A worker then prepares the receiving report and sends copies to the raw materials storeroom, Purchasing, Inventory Control, and Accounts Payable. 4

6 A Manual Purchases System
The Accounts Payable department has now received copies of the purchase requisition, purchase order, and receiving report. Upon receipt of the supplier’s invoice, Accounts Payable reconciles all documents, posts to the purchases journal, and records the liability in the accounts payable subsidiary ledger. Periodically, the entries in the purchases journal are summarized in a journal voucher which is sent to the General Ledger department. 5

7 A Manual Purchases System
The journal voucher is prepared by Accounts Payable and sent to the General Ledger department: Inv-Control or Purchases DR Accts Payable-Control CR Accounts Payable also prepares a cash disbursements voucher and posts it in the voucher register. 6

8 A Manual Purchases System
The General Ledger department: posts from the accounts payable journal voucher to the general ledger reconciles the inventory amount with the account summary received from inventory control 7

9 Manual Cash Disbursements System
Periodically, usually daily, Accounts Payable searches the open vouchers payable file for items with payments due: AP sends the voucher and supporting documents to Cash Disbursements AP updates the accounts payable subsidiary ledger 8

10 Manual Cash Disbursements System
The Cash Disbursements department prepares the check records the information in a check register (cash disbursements journal) returns paid vouchers to accounts payable, mails the check to the supplier sends a journal voucher to General Ledger: Accounts Payable DR Cash CR 9

11 Manual Cash Disbursements System
The General Ledger department receives: the journal voucher from cash disbursements a summary of the accounts payable subsidiary ledger from Accounts Payable The journal voucher is used to update the general ledger. The accounts payable control account is reconciled with the subsidiary summary. 10

12 The time lag splits the expenditure transaction cycle into two phases
physical phase (purchasing cycle) financial phase (cash disbursements) The payroll cycle is typically kept separate from the other cash disbursements

13 The Expenditure Cycle The time lag splits the expenditure transaction cycle into two phases: physical phase (purchasing cycle) financial phase (cash disbursements) 2

14 Expenditure Cycle Database
Master Files Supplier (vendor) master file Accounts payable master file Merchandise inventory master file Transaction and Open Document Files Purchase Order file Open Purchase Order file Supplier’s invoice file Open vouchers file Cash disbursements file Other Files Supplier reference and history file Buyer file Accounts payable detail file 2

15 The Purchase Requisition
A need for an item starts the expenditure cycle Based on reorder point or reorder quantity Manual: to initiate a credit purchase, someone in the organization recognizes a need for a good or service; an authorized person requests the good or service using a purchase requisition form. Computerized: to initiate a credit purchase, someone in the organization recognizes a need for a good or service; an authorized person requests the good or service using a terminal and a purchase requisition screen. 2

16 Computer-Based Expenditure Applications--Purchases
Incorporates a data processing department which performs many of the routine accounting tasks purchasing - a computer program identifies inventory requirements and can use one of the following methods for authorizing and ordering inventories the system prepares the POs and sends them to the Purchasing department for review, signing, and distributing the system distributes the POs directly to the vendors and internal users, bypassing the Purchasing department the system uses EDI and electronically places the order 18

17 Computer-Based Expenditure Applications--Purchases
Other tasks performed by the computer: Updates the inventory subsidiary file from the receiving report and calculates batch totals for the general ledger update procedure and then closes the corresponding records in the open PO file to the closed PO file A program validates the voucher records against the valid vendor file, adds them to the voucher register, and prepares batch totals for posting to the general ledger 19

18 Computer-Based Expenditure Applications--Cash Disbursements
Tasks performed by the computer: the system scans for vouchers currently due prints checks for these vouchers records these checks in the check register batch totals are prepared for the general ledger update procedure 20

19 Levels of Automating and Re-Engineering Ordering
Computer generates purchase requisition Purchase department manually generates purchase order Computer generates purchase order (no P.R. needed) Not sent until manually reviewed Computer-generated P.O. is automatically sent EDI--no P.O. 2

20 EDI Goods CUSTOMER (PURCHASES CYCLE) SELLER (REVENUE CYCLE)
Internal Data Flows External Data Flows External Data Flows Internal Data Flows Purchase Order Customer Order Sales Order Receiving Report Shipping Documents Goods Notice that you are now getting rid of the paper flow between the companies. Depending on the automation and reengineering, you can also get rid of the paper within the two companies to varying degrees. Vendor’s Invoice Sales Invoice Check Check or EFT or EFT

21 Advantages of Real-Time Data Input & Processing Over Batch Processing
Shortens the time-lag in record-keeping; hence, records are more current Eliminates much of the routine manual procedures, such as transcribing information onto paper documents Eliminates much of the storage and shuffling of paper documents Reduces data entry correction procedures 2

22 General Internal Controls
Organization controls Segregation of Duties Documentation Asset Accountability Controls Management Practices Data Center Operations Controls Authorization Controls Access Controls 2

23 Manual Authorization Controls
Purchases of inventory should be authorized by the Inventory Control department, not by purchasing agents Accounts Payable authorizes the payments of bills, not the cash disbursements clerk, who writes the checks How do these controls change in a CB environment? 11

24 Computer-Based Authorization Controls
Authorizations are automated. Programmed decision rules must be debugged Automating inventory in EDI and JIT Faulty inventory model can lead to over-purchasing or under-purchasing Cash disbursements may automate check printing and signing. Programming logic must be flawless Automated signing only below a dollar threshold 2

25 Segregation of Duties Warehouse (stores) Inventory control
Accounts payable General ledger Requisitioning Purchases Purchases returns and allowances Cash disbursements 2

26 Manual Segregation of Functions
Custody of the asset, inventory, by the Warehouse must be separate from recordkeeping for the assets by the Inventory Control department Custody of the asset, cash, by Cash Disbursements must be kept separate from recordkeeping for the asset by the Accounts Payable department How do these controls change in a CB environment? 12

27 Computer-Based Segregation of Functions
Extensive consolidation by the computer of tasks traditionally segregated Computer programs authorize and process purchase orders Computer programs authorize and issue checks to vendors 2

28 Manual Supervision Within the expenditure cycle, supervision is of highest importance in the Receiving department, where the inventory arrives and is logged in by a receiving clerk. Need to minimize: failures to properly inspect the assets theft of the assets How do these controls change in a CB environment? 13

29 Computer-Based Supervision
Automation often leads to a collapsing of the traditional segregation of duties. This requires greater supervision Supervision takes on new aspects as technology advances. Electronic monitoring Supervision becomes more difficult as the workplace becomes more sophisticated. Employees may have advanced IT training 2

30 Manual Accounting Records
Must maintain adequate records for: accounts payable vouchers payable checks general ledger subsidiary ledgers How do these controls change in a CB environment? 14

31 Computer-Based Accounting Records
Maintaining an audit trail becomes more difficult. Accounting records rests on reliability and security of magnetically stored data. Be skeptical about accepting, on face value, the accuracy of computer produced hard-copy printouts of journals and ledgers. The system needs to ensure that backup of all files is continuously kept. Traditional automated systems still have a lot of paper documents. This is good for audit trail purposes but is often inefficient. As IS becomes increasingly paperless, notice the conflict with SAS 78 objectives. 2

32 Manual Access Controls
Access to: inventories (direct) cash (direct) accounting records (indirect) How do these controls change in a CB environment? 15

33 Computer-Based Access Controls
Magnetic records are vulnerable to both authorized and unauthorized exposure and should be protected. Must have limited file accessibility Computer programs must be safeguarded and monitored 2

34 Manual Independent Verification
The Accounts Payable department verifies much of the work done within the expenditure cycle. Purchase requisitions, purchase orders, receiving reports, and suppliers’ invoices must be checked and verified by Accounts Payable. The General Ledger department verifies: the total obligations recorded equal the total inventories received the total reductions in accounts payable equal the total disbursements of cash How do these controls change in a CB environment? 16

35 Computer-Based Independent Verification
Automating the accounting function reduces the need for verification by reducing the chances of fraud and error in the expenditure cycle. However, the need for verification shifts to the computer program and the programmers where fraud and error may still be present. 2

What are the task performed during purchases and cash disbursement processes?

What are the steps in accounting cycle explain expenditure cycle for purchase and cash distribution activities?

What are the four basic expenditure cycle activities?

Which part of the automated expenditure cycle needs a high degree of control or monitoring or supervision?