Over the years, psychologists have posed many questions about the way that we make decisions. They have also attempted to answer those questions with theories and schools of thought that may be quite different than the theories that came before. Psychology is an ever-evolving science, but the lessons of the past are still considered important to learn – which is why you might be taking a test or quiz on the Stimulus Response Theory of Learning!
What Is Thorndike’s Stimulus Response Theory of Learning?
Stimulus Response Theory was proposed by Edward Thorndike, who believed that learning boils down to two things: stimulus, and response. In Pavlov’s famous experiment, the “stimulus” was food, and the “response” was salivation. He believed that all learning depended on the strength of the relationship between the stimulus and the response.
If that relationship was strong, the response was likely to occur when the stimulus was presented. In order to elicit a specific response to a specific stimulus, you had to strengthen its relationship in one of a few ways. This is where Pavlov’s experiment comes in.
When you think of behaviorism, you may think of Pavlov’s dog. This experiment is one of the most famous experiments in the history of psychology. It is also some of the strongest evidence for theories that fall under the larger category of Stimulus Response [S-R] Theory. Stimulus Response Theories attempts to explain the ways that human beings behave. These theories, and behaviorism as a whole, are not the forefront of modern psychology. Still, they still serve as an important lesson about why we believe the things we believe about decision-making, behavior, and human nature.
Let’s look at three concepts that Thorndike developed while explaining the Stimulus-Response Theory of Learning: Law of Effect, Law of Exercise, and Law of Readiness.
[Video] Stimulus Response Theory - Edward Thorndike [Definition + Examples]
Law of Effect
Before Pavlov worked with dogs, Thorndike worked with cats.
He would place them in a box. Outside the box was a scrap of fish. As the cats looked for ways to get to the fish, they would try to escape the box. Escaping was as easy as pulling a lever. When the cat pulled the lever, they were able to leave and enjoy the fish.
Thorndike observed the cats be placed in this box over and over again, under the same conditions. He saw that the time it took to pull the lever decreased as the cats associated the lever with the fish. This helped him develop the Law of Effect.
The Law of Effect states that if responses to stimuli produce a satisfying effect, they are likely to be repeated. If responses produce an unsatisfying effect, they are likely to be avoided. The cats enjoyed the scrap of fish that they could access by pulling the lever. If an angry dog replaced the scrap of fish, The Law of Effect states that those cats would not be pulling any levers.
We seek responses with positive effects, strengthening the relationship between a stimulus and the response.
Law of Exercise
The Law of Exercise is an element within Thorndike’s work that he later modified. Initially, Thorndike believed that frequent connections of stimulus and response strengthened that connection. The more often a cat was given the opportunity to pull a lever and receive a fish, for example, the stronger that connection would be and the more likely they would pull the lever. But, as Thorndike continued his work, he realized that this was not necessarily true. If the response leads to an unsatisfying effect or punishment, the connection between the stimulus and the response will not be strengthened. But Thorndike observed that the connection may not be weakened every time the subject gets “punished,” either.
[Video] Theories of learning [Thorndike Stimulus-Response Theory]
Law of Readiness
Being subject to continuous trials of pulling levers and escaping boxes sounds exhausting. If a cat, human, or any other creature is too tired to try something out, they might just take a cat nap and leave the response hanging. This idea fits into Thorndike’s law of readiness.
The Law of Readiness states that the relationship between stimulus and response is strengthened based on the subject’s readiness to learn. If the subject, be it a cat or a person, is not interested or ready to learn, they will not connect stimulus and response as strongly as someone who is eager and excited.
These three laws set the foundation for many other theories within behaviorism. Later behaviorists, including B.F. Skinner, Edwin Guthrie, and Ivan Pavlov, have proposed theories that relate to, or are inspired by, the work of Edward Thorndike.
Other Stimulus Response Theories
Contiguity Theory
One such theory includes Edwin Guthrie’s Contiguity Theory. Like other Behaviorists, Guthrie believed that learning occurred when connections were made between a stimulus and a response. But his ideas went beyond exercise and readiness. The Contiguity Theory included the law of contiguity, which suggested that time played a factor in the strength between a stimulus and a response. If the response did not occur immediately after the stimulus, the subject would be less likely to associate the stimulus with the response. If you get a stomachache in the evening, you might associate your body’s response with what you ate in the morning, but you are much more likely to associate the response with what you ate for lunch or dinner. Time makes a difference.
Drive-Reduction Theory
Another theory that falls under the stimulus-response umbrella is Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory. Developed in the 40s and 50s by Clark Hull and later Kenneth Spence, this theory looked to “zoom out” on behaviorism and explain the drive behind all human behavior. A stimulus and response are still crucial to this drive.
Drive, Hull and Spence said, is a state that humans experience when they have a need to fulfill. If you are hungry, you are in a state of drive. If you are craving sex, comfort, or safety, you are in a state of drive. As humans, we want to reduce drive and return to a state of calm homeostasis.
[Video] Thorndike - Theories of Learning
What do you do when you are hungry? You eat food and feel full. Drive-Reduction Theory states that when the effect of a response is a reduction in drive, a subject will more likely respond to that stimulus in the same way.
Classical Conditioning
We could not wrap up these theories without talking about Pavlov’s dogs. Pavlov used stimulus-response theory to demonstrate how dogs [or humans] could learn through classical conditioning. This is a process in which a “neutral” stimulus becomes connected to a stimulus that already elicits a response. Once this connection is made, the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Cognitive Psychology Has Become More Relevant
Stimulus response theories, to be blunt, can be quite simple. They are also deterministic in nature. No one wants to believe that their decisions are the result of any sort of conditioning. Additional factors, like your thought process or the experiences that have shaped you as a person, may also influence the decisions you make. Making a decision or performing a behavior often seems more complicated than just responding to the stimulus in front of you.
Although behaviorism and stimulus response theory were the focus of psychology for decades, they were subject to criticism from many experts in the field. Were all actions driven by the unconscious, or did the conscious mind do more than we were giving it credit for? Is human behavior and decision-making more complex than just responding to a stimulus? As these questions were raised more and more frequently, schools of thought like humanism, positive psychology, and cognitive psychology were born.
These schools of thought are not immune to criticism, either. So completely replacing education on behaviorism with information on cognitive psychology is not necessarily the best approach. Although psychologists view behavior as more than just a stimulus and a response, we cannot forget the theories that built the foundation to what we know today.
Can You Train Yourself Using Stimulus-Response Theory?
Teachers are not solely relying on conditioning or behaviorism to teach their students. But, you can still use concepts from stimulus-response theory to teach yourself new behaviors. Want to make your bed every morning? Want to add 15 minutes of meditation into your routine? Maybe you want to replace having a cigarette with seltzer water or a piece of gum. Tap into the laws within the stimulus-response theory to “condition yourself” and bring new behaviors into your routine.
[Video] Thorndike's Stimulus Response Theory/उद्दीपन-अनुुिक्रिया का सिद्धान्त
Readiness: Commit to Learning a New Behavior
Ready to learn new behavior? Great. The Law of Readiness states that you will build a stronger connection between stimulus and response. Commit to your readiness by writing down your goals. This could be as simple as writing, “I’m going to quit smoking,” or “I’m going to make my bed every morning.” If you want to go further, write down why learning or unlearning this behavior is important. Writing this down is not going to magically add a behavior to your routine, but it will motivate you in times when you may be tempted to skip the behavior.
Effect: Find a Suitable “Reward”
What satisfying effects can you gain from performing a behavior? For many, the Law of Effect encourages people to reward themselves. This is certainly what behaviorists had in mind when they put together schedules of reinforcement for conditioning.
Let’s say you want to get into running. The first time you run, you feel absolutely great. You’re more likely to run again! If you run with no satisfying effects, you are unlikely to run again unless you put a reward system in place. Maybe you allow yourself to spend an extra hour watching TV, or you wait to listen to that podcast until you go for a run. Whatever reward enhances the results of your behavior [without setting you back from the goals that the behavior is meant to achieve] will make a great motivation to continue performing the behavior.
Exercise: Keep Going!
The stimulus [running] and the response [a podcast] work well together. Now, you just have to keep going! The more you run and save your podcasts for that run, the more likely it will be that you integrate running into your routine permanently. Remind yourself that routines are not built in a day. Sometimes, you will slip up. All of this is okay. Every time you perform the desired behavior, you are contributing to this habit.
There are many approaches that you can use to form habits. Whether you want to build wealth, protect your health, or find happiness in the small moments, stimulus-response theory can help you build habits [or explain how you developed the ones you have!]
FAQs
What is an example of stimulus response learning? ›
Stimulus-response theory agrees that when a test begins, unconditioned response may result. Despite this response, learning eventually takes place. For instance, a rat may not respond unconditionally when put in a maze at the beginning, but with time, it learns the maze and thus responds conditionally.
What is stimulus response theory of Thorndike? ›
Thorndike has propounded these facts in the form of Stimulus-Response theory. In brief, it is also called S-R Theory. According to this theory, the first need is that of the stimulus. The second need is that of the response, and the third need is that of the intense bond between the stimulus and the response.
What is stimulus response theory of learning? ›
Stimulus Response Theory is a concept in psychology that refers to the belief that behavior manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response.
What is Thorndike's law of effect example? ›
If you work hard and then receive a promotion and pay raise, you will be more likely to continue to put in more effort at work. If you run a red light and then get a traffic ticket, you will be less likely to disobey traffic lights in the future.
What is one example of a response? ›
The definition of response is a reaction after something is done. An example of response is how someone reacts to an ink blot on a card. Response is defined as an answer to a question. An example of response is what happens after the question during a question and answer discussion.
What is the meaning of stimulus-response? ›
Medical Definition of stimulus-response
: of, relating to, or being a reaction to a stimulus also : representing the activity of an organism as composed of such reactions stimulus-response psychology.
How do you apply Thorndike's theory in the classroom? ›
The teacher can apply it in the classroom situation by introducing the principles of pleasure and pain, reward and punishment. When the student does something wrong and he is punished for it, he will not do the work again because punishment gives him pain.
What are the three 3 laws of Thorndike's theory? ›
Edward Thorndike propounded first three Basic laws of learning: readiness, exercise, and effect.
What is an example of a stimulus in psychology? ›
A stimulus is any object or event that elicits a response. For example, when food is presented to a lab mouse as a reward for pressing a lever, the food is a stimulus, and the mouse will likely respond by pressing the lever again.
What is a stimulus in the classroom? ›
Stimulus control can be created through differential reinforcement. It is commonly used with children with autism during discrete trial lessons. Stimulus control can be used in a classroom environment to increase the on-task behavior of the students.
Positive reinforcement is used in operant conditioning to increase the likelihood that certain behaviors will occur.
Positive reinforcement is when a positive outcome or reward follows a behavior.. This type of reinforcement is a concept in behavioral psychology that can be used to help teach and strengthen behaviors.. In operant conditioning , positive reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future.. Positive reinforcement is the addition of a positive outcome to strengthen behavior.. In each situation, the reinforcement is an additional stimulus occurring after the behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future.. There are many different types of reinforcers that can be used to increase behaviors, but it is important to note that the type of reinforcer used depends on the individual and the situation.. Positive reinforcement adds something to strengthen behavior, while negative reinforcement removes something.. At home : Parents can use positive reinforcement to encourage kids to engage in all kinds of positive, desirable behavior.. Positive reinforcement is most effective when it occurs immediately after the behavior.. When you are first teaching a new behavior, you would likely use a continuous reinforcement schedule where you deliver positive reinforcement every single time the behavior occurs.. When using positive reinforcement, it's important to be thoughtful about the type of reinforcers and the schedule that you use to train the new behavior.
This article details of John B. Watson Biography who was an American psychologist known for Watson's Behaviorism. He is known as the Founder of Behaviorism
John B. Watson [John Broadus Watson] was an American psychologist known for Watson’s Behaviorism.. Degree 1903, Chicago University Married Mary Ickes 1904 Professor of Experimental and Comparative Psychology and the Director of the Psychological Laboratory 1908-1920 Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it 1912-1913 Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology 1914 President of the American Psychological Association 1915 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1917 University Work Suspended 1917-1918 Psychology From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist [Article] 1919 Fired from John Hopkins 1920 Staff Member, J. Walter Thompson Company 1920 Vice President, J. Walter Thompson Company 1924 – 1936 Behaviorism [Book] 1925 ‘Psychological Care of Infant and Child’ 1928 Vice President of William Esty and Company 1936-1946 Got the American Psychological Association’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions 1957 John Broadus Watson is an American psychologist and is known for Watson’s Behaviorism.. Furthermore, John B. Watson is the founder of Behaviorism as he proposed the John B Watson Behaviorism Theory.. Psychology advocates, at times, consider John B Watson experiment same as the only contribution of John B Watson in psychology.. John B Watson learning theory is also called John B Watson behaviorism theory.. Following is the list of John B Watson awards and John B Watson accomplishments, given contributions of John B Watson to psychology.
3rd edition as of August 2022
All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way.. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are.. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning , which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice.. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make [anything we do or say] and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur.. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior.. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it.. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory , or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other people’s behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person.. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness [NAMI], cognitive behavioral therapy “focuses on exploring relationships among a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors.. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model – overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms – associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning.. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make [anything we do, say, or think/feel] and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur.. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety.. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential.
1. Ivan Pavlov & Edward Thorndike
2. Thorndike's Theory of Learning
3. Thorndike's Theory of Learning
4. Connectionism - Edward Thorndike's Behavioral Theory [See link below for "What is Connectionism?]
5. Theories Of Learning, Trail And Error Theory, Classical Conditioning Theory,Stimulus Response Theory
6. Connectionism by Edward Thorndike