What are the components of Linux operating system explain any three features of it?

The Linux system has three main bodies of code, in sequence with, most conventional UNIX implementations.

1- THE KERNEL: "The kernel" is in charge for maintaining all the vital abstractions of the operating system, together with such things as virtual memory and processes. The Linux kernel forms the central part of Linux operating system. It provides all the functionality compulsory to run processes, and it also provides "system services" to give arbitrated and sheltered or protected access to hardware resources. The kernel implements every feature that is required to be eligible as an operating system.

2- THE SYSTEM LIBRARIES: "the system libraries" describe a typical set of functions through which applications can interrelate through the kernel. And which apply much of the operating system functionality that does not require the full rights or privileges of kernel code.

3- THE SYSTEM UTILITIES: "the system utilities" are the programs that execute individual, particular and specialized managing tasks. some of the system utilities may be invoked just once to initialize and configure some features of the system; others (known as daemons in UNIX language ) may run enduringly, conducting such tasks as responding to inward or incoming network connections, accepting logon requests terminals or updating log records and files.

The whole kernel code executes in the privileged mode of processor along with the full access to all the physical resources of the computer. This privileged mode in Linux is referred as "kernel mode", equal to the monitor mode. In Linux user-mode code is not built into the kernel. Any operating-system-support code that does not require to execute in kernel mode is located into the system libraries as an alternative.

1. The kernel
2. The system libraries
3.the utilities

The main components of a linux system are:

Kernel, System libraries, Shells and GUIs, System utilities and Application program.

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In this topic, we are going to discuss the Some basic introduction of Linux with the following concepts.

What Is An Operating System?

Whenever we switch on our computer/laptop, we get a screen where we can perform many activities like editing a document, browse the internet, play videos, install software, etc. But now we have a curiosity, how all these activities are supported by the electronic devices? How does the processor of our device help us with the activities to be performed? It is the operating system which helps us to interact with the hardware.

Operating System(OS) is what we need to work on our electronic devices. As you are reading this on your electronic device, you are utilizing the benefits of OS. Many of us have used many popular OS’s such as Windows, Apples OS, but here we will discuss the LINUX.

What is Linux?

Linux is an operating system, it is just like Windows and Mac OS X. Operating system is software that leverages hardware of the devices such as the laptop, desktop or tabs to the most. In a simple way, we can say the operating system is a bridge between the software and the hardware. Without OS, it is not possible to run or execute software or program.

Components of Linux

In the above section, we have studied the introduction to Linux, so now we are going to learn the components of Linux. As Linux architecture primarily has these components: Hardware, Kernel, Shell, and Utilities

• Hardware: Peripheral devices such as RAM, HDD, CPU together constitute the Hardware layer for the LINUX operating system.
• Kernel: The Core part of the Linux OS is called Kernel; it is responsible for many activities of the LINUX operating system. It interacts directly with hardware, which provides low-level services like providing hardware details to the system. We have two types of kernels – Monolithic Kernel and MicroKernel.
• Shell: The shell is an interface between the user and the kernel; it hides the complexity of functions of the kernel from the user. It accepts commands from the user and performs the action.
• Utilities: Operating system functions are granted to the user from the Utilities. Individual and specialized functions are can be utilized from the System utilities.

Characteristics of Linux

After learning the Introduction to Linux and the main components of Linux, we are going to learn the Characteristics of Linux. Linux can be utilized using commands, which does the following functions:

• Linux commands are used to perform one or multiple tasks, e.g. copy, paste, find, etc.
• Using commands, tasks can be carried out efficiently and effectively for executing some programs.

Commands are supposed to be typed in a shell; this is like a communicator between the core Linux and us, which converts the human code to be executed by hardware. We can execute the code to find something in a file, as well as we can write code to execute the more complex codes like we can execute a command on the output of one command for this, we need to use the “|” (pipe separator) between two or more commands. This i.e. pipe operator, acts as a joint for the two commands. Below we have examples of both single commands and the multiple commands joint using the pipe.

e.g.

• grep – Search for a pattern in a file
• sort – Sort into order
• uniq – Only show one copy of identical things this is the examples of the single, this commands can work individually, or we can utilize them to fetch something using all of them as one, e.g. grep ARC *txt | sort | uniq > output.txt

The above command will search all the files having the extension with ‘txt’ for the word “ARC”, and it will save a copy of a record to a new file “output.txt”.

These were the few examples of commands where we can utilize them to achieve our functionality.

Current Application of Linux Systems

Developers of Linux had a full concentration on networking services at the early stage, but the real block for the Linux was to support the office applications such as MS-compatible office applications like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations, and the like. After getting all the roadblocks, we had received a very stable freeware OS. Linux is highly used on the server-side as it is considered as the most stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading services for companies like Amazon, the well-known on-line bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and many others. Internet service providers have found a firewall, proxy and web server, services of the Linux very useful, and you can find Linux box within reach of every UNIX system administrator, as it has a very friendly, comfortable management systems. Linux is not only used in personal computers, laptops but also in small gadgets like PDA, mobile phones, smart watches, etc.

Thousands of companies and governments around the world are using Linux OS due to affordability, lower licensing fees and time and money.

Linux is used in many electronic devices; a list of a few is given below:

• Dell Inspiron Mini 9 and 12
• Garmin Nuvi 860, 880, and 5000
• Google Android Dev Phone 1
• HP Mini 1000
• Lenovo IdeaPad S9
• Motorola MotoRokr EM35 Phone
• One Laptop Per Child XO2
• Sony Bravia Television
• Sony Reader

Advantages and Disadvantages of Linux

After going through all the components, characteristics and the wide Introduction to Linux, we are going to explore the advantages and disadvantages of Linux:

Advantages 

Below are mentioned the advantages:

1. Linux is free and can be downloaded from the internet; there is no hidden cost for registration, updates or anything.
2. Linux is flexible, i.e. Linux can be installed in any hardware; if a user is not sure what OS on his/her machine can be installed, he can go with Linux.
3. Linux is developed so that it can run all the time without rebooting, and because of this feature, many applications can be scheduled at calm hours.
4. The security model implemented for Linux is based on Unix; it is very secure against the internet and other attacks as well.
5. Linux can be customized as per requirement, and bug fixes are very fast as it is open source, and we can find many people available on the internet for solutions.

Disadvantages

Below are mentioned the disadvantages:

1. Linux is licensed under GNU Public License (GPL), which suggests anyone can change and distribute a changed version. So it is a bit confusing to find a suitable for our need version.
2. Linux is not very user-friendly, and it can be a bit confusing for beginners.

Recommended Articles

This has been a guide on introduction to Linux. Here we have discussed the operating system, working of Linux, architecture and commands executions, advantages and disadvantages. you may also look at the following article to learn more –

1. Introduction To GIT
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3. Introduction To Machine Learning
4. Introduction of Data Mining