Which of the following behavioral terms is used to describe something that will increase the likelihood of a behavior quizlet?
|
What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? Show
a. Classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. Recommended textbook solutionsMiller and Levine Biology1st EditionJoseph S. Levine, Kenneth R. Miller 1,773 solutions  Biocalculus: Calculus for the Life Sciences1st EditionDay, Stewart 5,056 solutions
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry6th EditionDavid L Nelson, Michael M. Cox 616 solutions Campbell Biology, AP Edition10th EditionCain, Campbell, Minorsky, Reece, Urry, Wasserman 1,706 solutions
Home Subjects Expert solutions Create Log in Sign up Upgrade to remove ads Only SGD 41.99/year
Terms in this set (129)Who founded the school of behaviorism? Watson The best definition of learning is that learning: is relatively enduring and results from experience The process by which an environmental stimulus and a behavior are connected is known as: conditioning What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur conditioned stimulus presentation > unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response > after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response What is a conditioned response? a response that has been learned You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her. Eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds. She begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. In this scenario, what is the conditioned stimulus? the song What is the process whereby the conditioned response is weakened when it is no longer presented with the unconditioned stimulus? extinction The fact that Little Albert learned fear toward not only a white rat but also a ball of wool and a rabbit represents generalization The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as: stimulus discrimination To which food would you be more likely to show conditioned taste aversion a novel food, because its characteristics are new to you and easily become paired with your becoming ill The strongest associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus occur when: the conditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the unconditioned stimulus The idea that the consequences of our actions determine the likelihood they will be performed in the future underlies: operant conditioning Which of the following behavioral terms is used to describe something that will increase the likelihood of a behavior? reinforcement In _____, learning occurs because of the consequences that follow the behavior. operant conditioning When using shaping, it is important to reinforce: successive approximations of the desired behavior Primary reinforcers: satisfy biological needs If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of: positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are similar in that both: produce an increase in the probability of a behavior Positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar in that both: involve the administration of a stimulus Taking away a child's video games for bad behavior is a form of: negative punishment Getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule? fixed interval Gambling on a slot machine involves rewards on a _____ schedule. variable ratio What type of learning occurs when one's behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior? observational learning As discussed in the text, Bandura's study of children's play habits with the "Bobo" doll provided evidence that: aggressive behavior can be learned through observation The imitation of observed behavior is known as: modeling What are the three steps in memory information processing? encoding, storage, retrieval Yesterday you taught your dog to crawl across the floor while barking. If the dog is to perform this fabulous trick tomorrow, then he will need to _____ the trick, then _____ the trick, then _____ the trick. encode; store; retrieve Memory is stored in which area of the brain? hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of: consolidation A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. long term Children with attention deficit disorder are distracted by everything in the environment rather than being able to choose what they want to focus on. These children are lacking in: selective attention Storage in this memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience:
sensory memory To remember more information, _____ can be used to organize information into meaningful units. chunking In order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information, one experience is kept in the brain while we move to the next experience. This overlap is a function of: sensory memory Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish information. He is incorrect because: long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information By activating the amygdala, stress hormones facilitate long-term potentiation When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used? recall The memory of your wedding day is an example of a(n): episodic memory Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as priming Remembering how to ride a bike is an example of which type of memory? procedural Remembering that he needed to pick up milk on the way home from work, Jon is using his _____ memory system. prospective The inability to retrieve information from long-term memory is: forgetting Eye witnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates context dependent memory After taking a fall off your horse, you seem to have temporarily lost your memory for past events. The doctor will most likely say that you suffer from: retrograde amnesia After a plane crash, Sherrod wakes up in the hospital and can remember everything about his life. The doctor comes in, introduces himself, and explains the course of treatment. The next day, Sherrod believes he has never met the doctor and asks him to explain the proposed treatment. The doctor is likely to diagnose Sherrod with: anterograde amnesia The ability to learn from expereince, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations is known as intelligence Spearman's g factor refers to a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences eight Compared with Gardner, Sternberg has identified _______ independent dinensions of intelligence and his forms of intelligence have been ______ realiably measured. fewer; more The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called creativity Binet used the term mental age to refer to the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. The WAIS was initially created by David Wechsler Aptitude tests are specifically designed to predict ability to learn a new skill One component of emotional intelligence involves predicting accurately when feelings are about to change Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative nd pretested sample of people, the test is said to be standardized A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of validity. Dr. Bronfman has administered her new 100-item test of abstract reasoning to a large sample of students. She is presently comparing their scores on the odd-numbered questions with those on the even-numbered questions in an effort to determine the test's reliability an IQ of approximately 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of an intellectual disability Psychologists use the term personality primarily to refer to characteristics and behaviors that: are relatively stable over time and circumstances Psychologists would label a disposition to act in a certain way over time and various situations a(n): personality trait According to Freud, personality structure consists of the: id, ego,superego If in your development you had become fixated at the anal stage (according to Freud's theory), which of the following would likely characterize your behavior? You would be stubborn and very regulating. The correct order for the development of Freud's psychosexual stages is: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital If you were a therapist who endorsed Carl Rogers's person-centered approach to therapy, how would you treat your client? You would discuss the client's problems and concerns as he or she understands them. The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to psychodynamic theories. A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as Free Association Which of the following factors is NOT part of the five-factor theory of personality? introversion The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a(n) _____ measure of personality. projective __Gender identity refers to the sense of being male or female. The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our Situations Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control. more; less Which of the following statements is NOT a view that evolutionary psychologists would hold about human personality? Human personality is based on both free will and biological processes. Personality traits: are relatively stable over time
Those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that individuals can influence their own outcomes in life. Narcissism refers to excessive self-love Learned helplessness is most likely to promote pessimism Self-esteem refers to our feelings of high or low self-worth. Most people feel they are _____, and this view is _____. above average; inaccurate What characteristic makes a psychopathology different from an everyday problem? severity A critical component for labeling a person's behavior a consequence of a mental disorder is that the behavior: must interfere with some aspect of the person's life The central characteristic of anxiety disorders is: the feeling of excessive anxiety in the absence of any real threat Which of the following are symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder? nightmares,Flashbacks, Intrusive thoughts A woman is sitting on a bench. She is sweating profusely, is short of breath, has numbness in her feet and hands, and feels as though she is dying. The woman is likely suffering from: a panic attack A person diagnosed with panic disorder is most likely to develop which of the following additional disorders? agoraphobia Tommy has obsessions about cleanliness and is a compulsive hand washer. Which of the following pieces of evidence would support the view that his obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to operant conditioning? Tommy experiences a large reduction in anxiety whenever he washes his hands, so he continues the behavior whenever he becomes anxious. Not a mood disorder: agoraphobia You would most likely be diagnosed with _____ if you displayed negative mood, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide. major depression What differentiates major depression from bipolar disorder? the alternating periods of depression and of mania in bipolar disorder According to your textbook, a mental disorder that involves a person's losing awareness of time and events is called: dissociative amnesia Karen claims that multiple "people" with different personalities live inside her body; they take over her experience and express themselves at unexpected times. Each of these personalities has a different voice, a different age, and a different set of interests. Which disorder is Karen most likely experiencing? dissociative identity disorder The symptoms most commonly associated with schizophrenia are: delusions and hallucinations A false sensory perception experienced without external sources is a: hallucinations All of the following phenomena are positive symptoms of schizophrenia delusions,disorganized behavior, hallucinations Most people with schizophrenia are diagnosed with the disorder in young adulthood (around 20-30 years of age). Recent studies show that as children they: showed more abnormal social behaviors compared to their peers Personality disorders are grouped with mental retardation in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual because: improvement tends to be minimal over the life course Personality disorders are: very difficult disorders to treat Which disorders is the person LEAST aware of the maladaptive nature of her or his behavior? personality disorder Angie often has relationships that are full of drama, and her emotions in these relationships range from extremely loving to angry and depressed. Other people view her as intense and unstable. She has been this way since adolescence and probably will not change much as she ages. Her disorder would be diagnosed as: borderline personality disorder This personality disorder is characterized by a lack of empathy and of remorse: antisocial personality disorder Rates of autism have recently: increased in number, which is probably due to the recent recognition and diagnosis of more mild cases of autism what is NOT a primary symptom of autism? mental retardation Symptoms of autism: can be seen as early as age 1 ADHD is characterized by: restlessness, inattentiveness, impulsively What are some of the changes that a developmental psychologist might be interested in studying? cognitive, physciological, social What is the name of the developmental stage that occurs from conception to approximately 2 weeks after conception? zygote What is the name of the developmental stage that occurs from approximately 2 months to birth? fetus Which of the following items are considered potential teratogens? Drugs,bacteria, viruses ________ is a preventable birth defect? fetal alcohol syndrome At birth, an infant will automatically turn and suck when a nipple or similar object is placed near her or his mouth. This reflex is called: rooting The most effective style of parenting is: Authoritative As described in the text, Harlow did an experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, requiring them to make a choice between an imitation mother that provided contact comfort or one that provided food. The results demonstrate that for this species: contact comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress As part of a science project, you hatched a baby duckling and are raising it. The duckling follows you even when other adult ducks are around. The duckling's behavior is an example of: imprinting Infantile amnesia refers to the observation that: adults are unable to remember things that occurred to them before about the age of 3 Jody has a great memory for things that she did during kindergarten and first grade, but cannot remember any details from earlier in her life. This difference is most likely due to: the development of language skills What is the correct ordering of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational(SPCOFO) Object permanence is a child's awareness that: objects exist even when you cannot see them According to Piaget, a 4-year-old is probably at the _____ stage of development. preoperational What cognitive limitation is the tendency of individuals to view the world through their own experiences? egocentrism According to Piaget, in which stage of development do children come to understand the law of conservation and quantity? concrete operational Your brother's son shows evidence of understanding both abstract thought and the use of symbols. Piaget would place him in the _____ stage of development. formal operational For psychologists, theory of mind refers to: our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? concrete operations Babies generate their first words at around: 1 year According to Erikson's theory of development: important cognitive and social changes occur across the entire life span From Erikson's point of view, what is the major goal of development during the adolescent period? developing an adult identity Erikson's final stage of adult development is focused on the issues of: integrity versus despair Alzheimer's disease is associated with: amnesia, memory defects Recommended textbook solutionsPsychology: Themes and Variations10th EditionWayne Weiten 180 solutions A Concise Introduction to Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,967 solutions
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach3rd EditionJoyce Munsch, Laura E. Levine 465 solutions
Understanding Psychology, Student Edition1st EditionRichard A. Kasschau 820 solutions Sets with similar termspsych exam ch 13&1464 terms afarrell1017 PSY 150 FINAL PRACTICE300 terms zzubair99 Mills.Psychology.Final44 terms emmasmills PSY 2012 Final Exam70 terms Nickole_Esquivel Sets found in the same folderChapter 320 terms flypig123 Prologue and Chapter 129 terms laughatacgrl ch2525 terms flypig123 Psychology Final Exam Quiz 820 terms andre_bombardier Verified questionsQUESTION What does the “magical number seven, plus or minus two” refer to? a. The ideal number of times to rehearse information in the first encoding session. b. The number of seconds information stays in short-term memory without rehearsal. c. The capacity of short-term memory. d. The number of seconds information stays in echoic storage. e. The number of years most long-term memories last. Verified answer QUESTION Mom is frustrated because 3-year-old Maya has started to spit frequently. She has decided to temporally put away one of May's toys every time she spit. Mom is going to continue to do this until Maya has stooped spitting. • Explain whether Mom 's plan uses reinforce mentor punishment • Explain whether Mom's plan is a positive or negative form of reinforcement or punishment. Verified answer QUESTION Explain two differences between classical and operant conditioning. Verified answer QUESTION Which kind of drug is most closely associated with Verified answer Other Quizlet sets9166 terms dadadasd bio 1111 chapter 7 quiz32 terms brett_n__powell Sensation and Perception Chaps 2-567 terms rice2012 FORCE SCIENCE Study Guide66 terms Jon_Drumm Related questionsQUESTION Which type of PTSD therapy did the vets undergo in the YouTube movie? 15 answers QUESTION This theory tried to explain how pain is blocked by other touch sensations, such as pressure. 4 answers QUESTION The conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response in the classical conditioning procedure are referred to as conditioned because 15 answers QUESTION Katie is reminded before a math exam that women are not good at math. Her self- conscious awareness of the stereotype during the exam leads to a decrease in performance. What is this situation an example of? 2 answers Which of the following behavioral terms is used to describe something that will increase the likelihood of a behavior?Reinforcer. A behavior (operant response) is sometimes more likely to occur in the future as a result of the consequences that follow that behavior. Events that increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future are called reinforcers.
What increases the likelihood that a behavior will happen again?Negative Reinforcement. The goal of both positive and negative reinforcement is to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future.
What makes a behavior more likely to occur?Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.
What term is used to describe an increase in a behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus group of answer choices?What term is used to describe an increase in a behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus? negative reinforcement.
|
